Men and Women — humans — are MUCH closer in their physiology than rodents and humans: Let’s base human conclusions on human research… why males and females are much more similar than many claim! Recent human trials demonstrate post-exercise protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis equally in men and women. West et al. measured myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise and 25 g whey protein, finding similar 1–5 h and 24–28 h recovery MPS between sexes despite a 45-fold difference in testosterone (PMID: 22383503). A Bayesian meta-analysis by Refalo et al. reports negligible differences in relative muscle-size gains after standardized resistance training in healthy adults (Exp. % change 0.69%; 95% HDI: –1.50 to 2.88) (PMID: 40028215). Roberts et al. also found no significant sex difference in hypertrophy effect sizes (ES = 0.07 ± 0.06; P = 0.31) Sources (PMID: 32218059). Concerns that estrogen loss at menopause impairs hypertrophy are unsupported by human d...