Industrial laser engraving is a subtractive manufacturing process that uses a highly focused beam of coherent light to remove material with extreme precision. In production environments, most systems use fiber or CO2 lasers, each optimized for different materials and wavelengths. A fiber laser (typically ~1064 nm) is well-suited for metals like stainless steel, aluminum, brass, and titanium. It delivers high power density and excellent beam quality, enabling fine features and deep engraving with minimal heat-affected zones. CO2 lasers (~10.6 µm) interact strongly with organic materials and polymers, making them ideal for wood, acrylic, glass coatings, leather, and certain composites. The process begins with a CAD or vector file that defines geometry. CAM software converts that geometry into toolpaths, controlling parameters like scan speed, hatch spacing, pulse frequency, and power. In pulsed operation, each pulse deposits energy that raises the local temperature above the material’s...