Ordinary matter, including stars, planets, gas, dust, and living organisms, accounts for only about 5 percent of the universe's total energy density. Dark matter contributes roughly 27 percent and provides additional gravitational attraction that helps galaxies and large cosmic structures form.
Dark energy accounts for approximately 68 percent and is associated with the accelerating expansion of the universe. Scientists infer these components through observations of cosmic expansion, gravitational lensing, galaxy motions, and the cosmic microwave background. Their fundamental nature remains incompletely understood.
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